Mathematical formula syntax

You can create or edit formulas in Polarion with LaTeX syntax.

You can find extensive resources on the MathJax library for LaTex syntax at the following external sites:

Caution:

The external links may contain some commands from versions of MathJax that are not supported in Polarion.

(See the list of supported symbols below.)

Tip:

You can use third-party software or an online editor to create a formula and copy and paste the LaTeX syntax they output into Polarion.

Examples

Formula	LaTeX Syntax
	x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}
	F(x) = \int^a_b \frac{1}{3}x^3
	\|x\| = \begin{cases} x & \text{ if } x\ge 0 \\ -x & \text{ if } x \lt 0 \end{cases}
	\left( \sum_{k=1}^n a_k b_k \right)^2 \leq \left( \sum_{k=1}^n a_k^2 \right) \left( \sum_{k=1}^n b_k^2 \right)
	A = \pmatrix{ a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n} \cr a_{21} & a_{22} & \ldots & a_{2n} \cr \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr a_{m1} & a_{m2} & \ldots & a_{mn} \cr }
	\sin A \cos B = \frac{1}{2}\left[ \sin(A-B)+\sin(A+B) \right] \\ \sin A \sin B = \frac{1}{2}\left[ \sin(A-B)-\cos(A+B) \right] \\ \cos A \cos B = \frac{1}{2}\left[ \cos(A-B)+\cos(A+B) \right]
	\frac{d}{dx}\left( \int_{0}^{x} f(u)\,du\right)=f(x)
	{\frac {d}{dx}}\arctan(\sin({x}^{2}))=-2\,{\frac {\cos({x}^{2})x} {-2+\left (\cos({x}^{2})\right )^{2}}}
	\begin{cases} \lim\limits_{x \to \infty} \exp(-x) = 0\\ k_{n+1} = n^2 + k_n^2 - k_{n-1}\\ a \bmod b,x \equiv a \pmod{b}\\ \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k}\\ \end{cases}
	\frac{ \begin{array}[b]{r} \left( x_1 x_2 \right)\\ \times \left( x'_1 x'_2 \right) \end{array} }{ \left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 \right) }
	\int\limits_a^bP\left(A=2\middle\|\frac{A^2} {B}>4\right)>\int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x
	\left\{\frac{x^2}{y^3}\right\}\to \left.\frac{x^3}{3}\right\|_0^1\to \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x} \left( k g(x) \right) \Bigg) \bigg) \Big) \big)
	M = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\[0.3em] \frac{5}{6} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em] 0 & \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} \end{bmatrix}
	\left( \begin{array}{c} n \\ r \end{array} \right) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}
	\begin{bmatrix} xz & xw \\ yz & yw \end{bmatrix} = \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right] \times \left[ \begin{array}{cc} z & w \end{array} \right]
	f(x) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty \hat f(\xi),e^{2 \pi i \xi x} \,d\xi
	\begin{cases} B'=-\nabla \times E,\\ E'=\nabla \times B - 4\pi j,\\ F\colon X \rightarrow Y \\ x \mapsto 2x \end{cases}

Symbols

Command	How it's used	Note
#
~	a~b	non-breaking space
'	f'(x)
%	a + b % comment	single-line comment
&	\begin{matrix} -1 & 2 \\ 3 & -4\end{matrix}	column separation
^	a^b	superscript
_	a_b	subscript
{	\frac{1}{2}
}	\frac{1}{3}
\	a\ b
\!	a^2\!/b	negative thin space
\#
\$
\%
\&
\,	a\,b	thin space
\:	a\:b	medium space
\;	a\;b	thick space
\>	a\>b	alternate medium space
\\		line separator
\_
\{
\\|
\}

A

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\above		a \above 1pt b
\abovewithdelims		a \abovewithdelims [ ] 1pt b
\acute		\acute a
\aleph
\alpha
\amalg
\And
\angle
\approx
\approxeq
\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
\array		\array{ a & b \cr c & d }
\Arrowvert
\arrowvert
\ast
\asymp
\atop		a \atop b
\atopwithdelims		a \atopwithdelims [ ] b

B

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\backepsilon
\backprime
\backsim
\backsimeq
\backslash
\bar		\bar{a}
\barwedge
\Bbb		\Bbb Q
\Bbbk
\bbox		\bbox[10px]{math}
\bcancel		\bcancel{X^2}
\because
\begin		\begin{matrix} -1 & 3 \\ 2 & -4\end{matrix}
\begingroup
\beta
\beth
\between
\bf
\Big		\Big(x\Big)
\big		\big(x\big)
\bigcap
\bigcirc
\bigcup
\Bigg		\Bigg {\uparrow}a
\bigg		\bigg {\uparrow}a
\Biggl
\biggl
\Biggm
\biggm
\Biggr
\biggr
\Bigl		\Bigl(x\Bigr)
\bigl		\bigl(x\bigr)
\Bigm
\bigm
\bigodot
\bigoplus
\bigotimes
\Bigr		\Bigl(x\Bigr)
\bigr		\bigl(x\bigr)
\bigsqcup
\bigstar
\bigtriangledown
\bigtriangleup
\biguplus
\bigvee
\bigwedge
\binom		\binom a b
\blacklozenge
\blacksquare
\blacktriangle
\blacktriangledown
\blacktriangleleft
\blacktriangleright
\bmod
\boldsymbol		\boldsymbol{x}
\bot
\bowtie
\Box
\boxdot
\boxed		\boxed{x}
\boxminus
\boxplus
\boxtimes
\brace
\bracevert
\brack
\breve		\breve{x}
\buildrel		\buildrel \rm {def} \over {=}
\bullet
\Bumpeq
\bumpeq

C

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\cal
\cancel		\cancel{=}
\cancelto		\cancelto{some}{text}
\cap
\Cap
\cases		\cases{ x^2+2y+6=1 \cr x^2-7y+13=-9 }
\cdot
\cdotp
\cdots
\ce		\ce{x}
\cee		\cee{x}
\centerdot
\cf		\cf{x}
\cfrac		\cfrac{x}{y}
\check		\check{X}
\checkmark
\chi
\choose
\circ
\circeq
\circlearrowleft
\circlearrowright
\circledast
\circledcirc
\circleddash
\circledR
\circledS
\class
\clubsuit
\colon
\color		\color{red}{\text{red text}}
\colorbox		\require{color}\colorbox{yellow}{$\sigma$}
\complement
\cong
\coprod
\cos
\cosh
\cot
\coth
\cr		\cases{ x^2-1=y \cr x^2-7y-3=0 }
\csc
\cssId
\cup
\Cup
\curlyeqprec
\curlyeqsucc
\curlyvee
\curlywedge
\curvearrowleft
\curvearrowright

D

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\dagger
\daleth
\dashleftarrow
\dashrightarrow
\dashv
\dbinom		\dbinom{2}{3}
\ddagger
\ddddot		\ddddot a
\dddot		\dddot a
\ddot		\ddot a
\ddots
\DeclareMathOperator		\DeclareMathOperator{\dec}{\int} \dec_a^b
\definecolor		\require{color} \definecolor{BrightGreen}{rgb}{0.4, 1.0, 0.0} \color{BrightGreen}{text}
\def
\deg
\Delta
\delta
\det
\dfrac
\diagdown
\diagup
\diamond
\Diamond
\diamondsuit
\digamma
\dim
\displaylines		\displaylines{ a + b = 0 \cr a = 1 }
\displaystyle
\div
\divideontimes
\dot		\dot a
\doteq
\Doteq
\doteqdot
\dotplus
\dots
\dotsb
\dotsc
\dotsi
\dotsm
\dotso
\doublebarwedge
\doublecap
\doublecup
\Downarrow
\downarrow
\downdownarrows
\downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright

E

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\ell
\emptyset
\enclose
\end
\endgroup
\enspace
\epsilon
\eqalign
\eqalignno
\eqcirc
\eqref
\eqsim
\eqslantgtr
\eqslantless
\equiv
\eta
\eth
\exists
\exp

F

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\fallingdotseq
\fbox
\fcolorbox
\Finv
\flat
\forall
\frac
\frac
\frak
\frown

G

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\Game
\Gamma
\gamma
\gcd
\gdef
\ge
\genfrac
\geq
\geqq
\geqslant
\gets
\gg
\ggg
\gggtr
\gimel
\global
\gnapprox
\gneq
\gneqq
\gnsim
\grave
\gt
\gtrapprox
\gtrdot
\gtreqless
\gtreqqless
\gtrless
\gtrsim
\gvertneqq

H

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\hat		\hat a
\hbar
\hbox
\hdashline
\heartsuit
\hline
\hom
\hookleftarrow
\hookrightarrow
\hphantom
\href
\hskip
\hslash
\hspace
\Huge
\huge
\idotsint

I

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\iff
\iiiint
\iiint
\iint
\Im
\imath
\impliedby
\implies
\in
\inf
\infty
\injlim
\int
\intercal
\intop
\iota
\it

J

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\jmath
\Join

K

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\kappa
\ker
\kern

L

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\label
\Lambda
\lambda
\land
\langle
\LARGE
\Large
\large
\LaTeX
\lbrace
\lbrack
\lceil
\ldotp
\ldots
\le
\leadsto
\left
\Leftarrow
\leftarrow
\leftarrowtail
\leftharpoondown
\leftharpoonup
\leftleftarrows
\Leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrows
\leftrightharpoons
\leftrightsquigarrow
\leftroot
\leftthreetimes
\leq
\leqalignno
\leqq
\leqslant
\lessapprox
\lessdot
\lesseqgtr
\lesseqqgtr
\lessgtr
\lesssim
\let
\lfloor
\lg
\lgroup
\lhd
\lim
\liminf
\limits
\limsup
\ll
\llap
\llcorner
\Lleftarrow
\lll
\llless
\lmoustache
\ln
\lnapprox
\lneq
\lneqq
\lnot
\lnsim
\log
\Longleftarrow
\longleftarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\longmapsto
\Longrightarrow
\longrightarrow
\looparrowleft
\looparrowright
\lor
\lower
\lozenge
\lrcorner
\Lsh
\lt
\ltimes
\lVert
\lvert
\lvertneqq

M

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\maltese
\mapsto
\mathbb
\mathbf
\mathbin
\mathcal
\mathchoice
\mathclose
\mathfrak
\mathinner
\mathit
\mathop
\mathopen
\mathord
\mathpunct
\mathrel
\mathring
\mathrm
\mathscr
\mathsf
\mathstrut
\mathtip
\mathtt
\matrix		\matrix{ a & b \cr c & d }
\max
\mbox
\measuredangle
\mho
\mid
\middle
\min
\mit
\mkern
\mmlToken
\mod
\models
\moveleft
\moveright
\mp
\mskip
\mspace
\mu
\multimap

N

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\nabla
\natural
\ncong
\ne
\nearrow
\neg
\negmedspace
\negthickspace
\negthinspace
\neq
\newcommand
\newenvironment
\Newextarrow
\newline
\nexists
\ngeq
\ngeqq
\ngeqslant
\ngtr
\ni
\nLeftarrow
\nleftarrow
\nLeftrightarrow
\nleftrightarrow
\nleq
\nleqq
\nleqslant
\nless
\nmid
\nobreakspace
\nolimits
\normalsize
\not
\notag
\notin
\nparallel
\nprec
\npreceq
\nRightarrow
\nrightarrow
\nshortmid
\nshortparallel
\nsim
\nsubseteq
\nsubseteqq
\nsucc
\nsucceq
\nsupseteq
\nsupseteqq
\ntriangleleft
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq
\nu
\nVDash
\nVdash
\nvDash
\nvdash
\nwarrow

O

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\odot
\oint
\oldstyle
\Omega
\omega
\omicron
\ominus
\operatorname
\oplus
\oslash
\otimes
\over
\overbrace		\overbrace{a+\cdots+a}^{n\text{ times}}
\overleftarrow		\overleftarrow {ab}
\overleftrightarrow		\overleftrightarrow {ab}
\overline		\overline {ab}
\overrightarrow		\overrightarrow {ab}
\overset		\overset {a} {b}
\overwithdelims
\owns

P

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\parallel
\partial
\perp
\phantom
\Phi
\phi
\Pi
\pi
\pitchfork
\pm
\pmatrix		\pmatrix{a & b \cr c & d}
\pmb
\pmod
\pod
\Pr
\prec
\precapprox
\preccurlyeq
\preceq
\precnapprox
\precneqq
\precnsim
\precsim
\prime
\prod
\projlim
\propto
\Psi
\psi

Q

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\qquad
\quad

R

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\raise
\rangle
\rbrace
\rbrack
\rceil
\Re
\ref
\renewcommand
\renewenvironment
\require
\restriction
\rfloor
\rgroup
\rhd
\rho
\right
\Rightarrow
\rightarrow
\rightarrowtail
\rightharpoondown
\rightharpoonup
\rightleftarrows
\rightleftharpoons
\rightleftharpoons
\rightrightarrows
\rightsquigarrow
\rightthreetimes
\risingdotseq
\rlap
\rm
\rmoustache
\root		\root a \of b
\Rrightarrow
\Rsh
\rtimes
\Rule
\rVert
\rvert

S

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\S
\scr
\scriptscriptstyle
\scriptsize
\scriptstyle
\searrow
\sec
\setminus
\sf
\sharp
\shortmid
\shortparallel
\shoveleft
\shoveright
\sideset
\Sigma
\sigma
\sim
\simeq
\sin
\sinh
\skew
\small
\smallfrown
\smallint
\smallsetminus
\smallsmile
\smash
\smile
\Space
\space
\spadesuit
\sphericalangle
\sqcap
\sqcup
\sqrt
\sqsubset
\sqsubseteq
\sqsupset
\sqsupseteq
\square
\stackrel
\star
\strut
\style
\subset
\Subset
\subseteq
\subseteqq
\subsetneq
\subsetneqq
\substack
\succ
\succapprox
\succcurlyeq
\succeq
\succnapprox
\succneqq
\succnsim
\succsim
\sum
\sup
\supset
\Supset
\supseteq
\supseteqq
\supsetneq
\supsetneqq
\surd
\swarrow

T

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\tag
\tan
\tanh
\tau
\tbinom
\TeX
\text
\textbf
\textit
\textrm
\textsf
\textstyle
\texttt
\texttip
\tfrac
\therefore
\Theta
\theta
\thickapprox
\thicksim
\thinspace
\tilde		\tilde a
\times
\tiny
\Tiny
\to
\toggle
\top
\triangle
\triangledown
\triangleleft
\trianglelefteq
\triangleq
\triangleright
\trianglerighteq
\tt
\twoheadleftarrow
\twoheadrightarrow

U

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\ulcorner
\underbrace		\underbrace{a+\cdots+a}_{n\text{ times}}
\underleftarrow
\underleftrightarrow
\underline
\underrightarrow
\underset
\unicode
\unlhd
\unrhd
\Uparrow
\uparrow
\Updownarrow
\updownarrow
\upharpoonleft
\upharpoonright
\uplus
\uproot
\Upsilon
\upsilon
\upuparrows
\urcorner

V

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\varDelta
\varepsilon
\varGamma
\varinjlim
\varkappa
\varLambda
\varliminf
\varlimsup
\varnothing
\varOmega
\varphi
\varPhi
\varpi
\varPi
\varprojlim
\varpropto
\varPsi
\varrho
\varsigma
\varSigma
\varsubsetneq
\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneq
\varsupsetneqq
\vartheta
\varTheta
\vartriangle
\vartriangleleft
\vartriangleright
\varUpsilon
\varXi
\vcenter
\vdash
\Vdash
\vDash
\vdots
\vec
\vee
\veebar
\verb
\Vert
\vert
\vphantom
\Vvdash

W

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\wedge
\widehat
\widetilde
\wp
\wr

X

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\Xi
\xi
\xcancel
\xleftarrow
\xlongequal
\xmapsto
\xrightarrow
\xtofrom
\xtwoheadleftarrow
\xtwoheadrightarrow

Y

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\yen

Z

Command	Output	How it's used	Note
\zeta